Spontaneous rupture of hydrocephalus: A rare complication of neglected hydrocephalus

Abstract

Spontaneous rupture of hydrocephalus is an exceedingly rare and catastrophic complication, particularly in neonates from resource-limited settings. We report the case of a two-month-old male infant diagnosed prenatally with hydrocephalus but left untreated due to socioeconomic challenges. The child presented with progressive cranial enlargement and acute cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage from the anterior fontanelle. Examination revealed severe craniofacial disproportion, malnutrition, and neurological impairment. Despite immediate resuscitation and closure of the rupture site, the infant succumbed within 12 hours of admission. This case underscores the impact of delayed treatment, financial constraints, and lack of awareness on hydrocephalus outcomes. It highlights the urgent need for public education, accessible healthcare, and policy interventions to address the challenges of managing hydrocephalus in developing countries. Advocacy for prenatal care and early intervention could prevent such fatal outcomes and improve survival and quality of life in affected children.